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German Heraldry & Coats of Arms

German heraldry, with its rich symbolism and intricate designs, offers a fascinating insight into the nation’s history, culture, and societal structures. Rooted in the traditions of the Holy Roman Empire, German coats of arms have evolved over centuries, reflecting the diverse regional identities and the complex political landscape of the German-speaking regions.


Historical Development


The origins of German heraldry trace back to the medieval period, where coats of arms served as identifiers for noble families, knights, and institutions. One of the earliest examples is linked to Emperor Charlemagne, who, after his coronation in 800 AD, adopted the imperial eagle as a symbol of authority—a motif that endures in German heraldry to this day. 


Over time, heraldic symbols became widespread, extending beyond the nobility to burgher families and even some peasants by the 14th century. This democratization of heraldic practices underscores the importance of personal and familial identity in German society.


Key Elements and Symbols


German coats of arms are characterized by specific elements that distinguish them from other European heraldic traditions:

Charges: Common charges include the cross, eagle, and lion. Unlike other traditions, German heraldry often depicts these animals with patterned designs, such as barry (horizontal stripes) or chequy (checkerboard patterns). For instance, the coats of arms of Hesse and Thuringia feature a lion barry argent and gules (silver and red stripes). 

Eagles and Lions: The eagle symbolizes imperial power, tracing back to the Holy Roman Empire, while the lion represents royal sovereignty and is associated with various German noble families. This distinction highlights the historical political dynamics within the region. 

Helmets and Crests: The depiction of helmets atop shields indicates the bearer’s social status. Open helmets were reserved for the nobility, whereas closed helmets were used by burgher families. Crests, often repeating the primary charge and colors of the shield, are integral to German heraldic design. 

Mantling: This decorative drapery, emanating from the helmet, is typically colored with the primary metal and tincture (color) of the shield, adding a flourish to the overall design. 


Notable Armorial Compilations


A significant resource in the study of German heraldry is “Siebmachers Wappenbuch,” first published in 1605 by Johann Ambrosius Siebmacher. This extensive roll of arms documents the coats of arms of the nobility, city-states, and some burgher families within the Holy Roman Empire, serving as a crucial reference for heraldic scholars. 


Common German Surnames and Their Origins


German surnames often reflect occupations, personal characteristics, or geographic origins. Below is a list of the 50 most common German surnames, along with their meanings:

1. Müller – Miller

2. Schmidt – Smith

3. Schneider – Tailor

4. Fischer – Fisher

5. Meyer – Mayor (originally estate administrator, later farmer)

6. Weber – Weaver

7. Wagner – Wainwright (wagon maker)

8. Schulz – Constable or sheriff

9. Becker – Baker

10. Hoffmann – Steward or farmer

11. Schäfer – Shepherd

12. Koch – Cook

13. Bauer – Farmer

14. Richter – Judge

15. Klein – Small or little

16. Wolf – Wolf

17. Schröder – Tailor or cutter

18. Neumann – New man

19. Schwarz – Black

20. Zimmermann – Carpenter

21. Braun – Brown

22. Krüger – Innkeeper or potter

23. Hofmann – Courtier or steward

24. Hartmann – Hardy or strong man

25. Lange – Long or tall

26. Schmitt – Smith

27. Werner – Defender or protector

28. Krause – Curly

29. Meier – Mayor or steward

30. Lehmann – Tenant or vassal

31. Schmid – Smith

32. Schulze – Constable or sheriff

33. Maier – Mayor or steward

34. Köhler – Charcoal burner

35. Herrmann – Army man

36. König – King