German Heraldry & Coats of Arms
German heraldry, with its rich symbolism and intricate designs, offers a fascinating insight into the nation’s history, culture, and societal structures. Rooted in the traditions of the Holy Roman Empire, German coats of arms have evolved over centuries, reflecting the diverse regional identities and the complex political landscape of the German-speaking regions.
Historical Development
The origins of German heraldry trace back to the medieval period, where coats of arms served as identifiers for noble families, knights, and institutions. One of the earliest examples is linked to Emperor Charlemagne, who, after his coronation in 800 AD, adopted the imperial eagle as a symbol of authority—a motif that endures in German heraldry to this day.
Over time, heraldic symbols became widespread, extending beyond the nobility to burgher families and even some peasants by the 14th century. This democratization of heraldic practices underscores the importance of personal and familial identity in German society.
Key Elements and Symbols
German coats of arms are characterized by specific elements that distinguish them from other European heraldic traditions:
• Charges: Common charges include the cross, eagle, and lion. Unlike other traditions, German heraldry often depicts these animals with patterned designs, such as barry (horizontal stripes) or chequy (checkerboard patterns). For instance, the coats of arms of Hesse and Thuringia feature a lion barry argent and gules (silver and red stripes).
• Eagles and Lions: The eagle symbolizes imperial power, tracing back to the Holy Roman Empire, while the lion represents royal sovereignty and is associated with various German noble families. This distinction highlights the historical political dynamics within the region.
• Helmets and Crests: The depiction of helmets atop shields indicates the bearer’s social status. Open helmets were reserved for the nobility, whereas closed helmets were used by burgher families. Crests, often repeating the primary charge and colors of the shield, are integral to German heraldic design.
• Mantling: This decorative drapery, emanating from the helmet, is typically colored with the primary metal and tincture (color) of the shield, adding a flourish to the overall design.
Notable Armorial Compilations
A significant resource in the study of German heraldry is “Siebmachers Wappenbuch,” first published in 1605 by Johann Ambrosius Siebmacher. This extensive roll of arms documents the coats of arms of the nobility, city-states, and some burgher families within the Holy Roman Empire, serving as a crucial reference for heraldic scholars.
Common German Surnames and Their Origins
German surnames often reflect occupations, personal characteristics, or geographic origins. Below is a list of the 50 most common German surnames, along with their meanings:
1. Müller – Miller
2. Schmidt – Smith
3. Schneider – Tailor
4. Fischer – Fisher
5. Meyer – Mayor (originally estate administrator, later farmer)
6. Weber – Weaver
7. Wagner – Wainwright (wagon maker)
8. Schulz – Constable or sheriff
9. Becker – Baker
10. Hoffmann – Steward or farmer
11. Schäfer – Shepherd
12. Koch – Cook
13. Bauer – Farmer
14. Richter – Judge
15. Klein – Small or little
16. Wolf – Wolf
17. Schröder – Tailor or cutter
18. Neumann – New man
19. Schwarz – Black
20. Zimmermann – Carpenter
21. Braun – Brown
22. Krüger – Innkeeper or potter
23. Hofmann – Courtier or steward
24. Hartmann – Hardy or strong man
25. Lange – Long or tall
26. Schmitt – Smith
27. Werner – Defender or protector
28. Krause – Curly
29. Meier – Mayor or steward
30. Lehmann – Tenant or vassal
31. Schmid – Smith
32. Schulze – Constable or sheriff
33. Maier – Mayor or steward
34. Köhler – Charcoal burner
35. Herrmann – Army man
36. König – King